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Guerrilla groups: People's Revolutionary Army〔http://www.ejecentral.com.mx/guerrilla-contra-narco/〕 |combatant2 = Sinaloa Cartel〔(Database – Uppsala Conflict Data Program ). UCDP. Retrieved on 2013-09-06.〕 * Gulf Cartel〔 * Los Ántrax〔 * Artist Assassins〔 * La Barredora〔 * Gente Nueva〔 * Los Mexicles〔 * Los Pelones〔 * 25px Knights Templar Cartel〔 * Jalisco New Generation Cartel〔 *La Familia Michoacana (disbanded)〔 Supported by: Mexican Mafia〔http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/world/57616216-68/sinaloa-guzman-cartel-drug.html.csp〕 CIA (alleged) 〔Peter Dale Scott (2000), (Washington and the politics of drugs ), ''Variant'', 2(11).〕 MS-13〔(MS-13 Recruited by the Sinaloa Cartel ). Borderland Beat. Retrieved on 2014-03-08.〕 FARC〔(FARC Selling Off Colombia Drug Franchises to Sinaloa Cartel ). InSight Crime. Retrieved on 2014-03-08.〕 Los Rastrojos〔http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/police-arrest-link-between-colombias-rastrojos-and-mexican-cartels〕 Los Urabeños〔uk.businessinsider.com/the-sinaloa-cartel-and-colombian-cocaine-2015-8?r=US&IR=T〕 Sicilian Mafia Chinese Triads〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hong Kong triads supply meth ingredients to Mexican drug cartels (South China Morning Post) )〕 |combatant3 = Los Zetas〔 *Juárez Cartel〔 *La Línea〔 *Barrio Azteca〔 *Tijuana Cartel〔 *Oaxaca Cartel〔http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2009/05/tijuana-cartel.html〕 *Milenio Cartel〔http://www.informador.com.mx/mexico/2012/360388/6/el-narco-en-mexico-recurre-a-violencia-sin-precedentes-onu.htm〕 *Beltrán-Leyva Cartel (disbanded)〔 *Independent Cartel of Acapulco〔 (disbanded) Supported by: MS-13〔(Los Zetas and MS-13 team up in Central America ). Borderland Beat. Retrieved on 2014-03-08.〕 The Office of Envigado (semi-defunct) Los Urabeños Hermanos de Pistoleros Latinos〔http://www.breitbart.com/texas/2015/05/29/zeta-ordered-kidnapping-in-texas-sends-five-to-prison/〕 'Ndrangheta〔http://alertaperiodistica.com.mx/los-zetas-toman-el-control-por-la-forza-nicola-gratteri.html〕 Mara Salvatrucha (MS, MS-13)〔(Proceso Magazine (in spanish) ) («‘Los Zetas’ reclutan y entrenan a pandilleros de la Mara Salvatrucha»)〕 |commander1 = Vidal Francisco Soberón Sanz Salvador Cienfuegos Zepeda Miguel Ángel Osorio Chong Jesús Murillo Karam Mariano Francisco Saynez Mendoza Guillermo Galván Galván Marisela Morales Sergio Aponte Polito〔 Vigilante ''Community Police'' leaders (with official support from the government as of Jan 28. 2014):〔 José Manuel Mireles Valverde Hipólito Mora Estanislao Beltrán Alberto Gutiérrez (aka. ''Comandante 5'')〔 (Comandante Cinco – Nacional – CNNMexico.com )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Renuncia el 'Comandante Cinco' como integrante de la Fuerza Rural )〕 |commander2 = Enrique Peña Nieto Ismael Zambada García (Fugitive) Joaquín Guzmán Loera (Fugitive) Juan José Esparragoza Moreno (Fugitive) Homero Cárdenas Guillén (possibly dead) Ignacio Coronel Villarreal Antonio Cárdenas Guillén Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez Nazario Moreno González |commander3 = Omar Treviño Morales Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano Miguel Treviño Morales Arturo Beltrán Leyva Héctor Beltrán Leyva Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano Vicente Carrillo Fuentes |strength1 = * 260,000 soldiers * 35,000 Federal Police * Unknown number of Marshals and agents * Flights for "Dirtbox" cell phone signal tracking〔 |strength2 = +100,000 individuals〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mexico Federal Troops and police rush into Juarez to try and retake the city )〕 |casualties1 =Mexico: * 395 servicemen killed * 137 servicemen missing * 4,020 Federal, State, and Municipal Police killed United States: * 1 Marshal wounded〔 * 511 American civilians killed Other * 58 reporters killed * ≈1,000 children killed |casualties2 = 12,456 cartel members confirmed killed 121,199 cartel members detained 8,500 cartel members convicted |notes= 62 killed in 2006〔 * 2,837 killed in 2007〔El Universal (Oficial: más de 22 mil 700 muertos por violencia )〕 * 6,844 killed in 2008〔 * 11,753 killed in 2009〔 * 19,546 killed in 2010 * 24,068 killed in 2011〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=El Presidente de las 83 mil ejecuciones | ZETA | Libre Como el Viento )〕 * 18,061 killed in 2012 (by October 31, 2012) * 23,640 killed in 2013 (through to March 2014)〔(Los primeros 23 mil 640 muertos de Enrique Peña Nieto ) Marzo 17, 2014, Zeta Tijuana〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Copy of Narco-terrorism in Mexico )〕 * Total killed: 106,000+ (various estimates): 83,191 during Felipe Calderon's administration;〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=83 mil muertos del narco en sexenio de Calderón: Semanario Zeta )〕 23,640 in the first 14 months of Enrique Peña Nieto's administration〔 * Total displaced: 1.6 million (as of 2012) |campaignbox = }} The Mexican Drug War (also known as the Mexican War on Drugs; (スペイン語:guerra contra el narcotráfico en México))〔('Mexico's war on drugs is one big lie' ) | ''The Observer''〕 is an ongoing low-intensity〔(Mexican citizens take the drug war into their own hands ) Public Radio International〕〔(Mexico's hidden war ) ''Fault Lines'' Al Jazeera English]〕 asymmetric war〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Mexican Drug Wars: Organized Crime, Narco-Terrorism, Insurgency or Asymmetric Warfare? )〕 between the Mexican Government and various drug trafficking syndicates. Since 2006, when intervention with the Mexican military began, the government's principal goal has been to put down the drug-related violence. Additionally, the Mexican government has claimed that their primary focus is on dismantling the powerful drug cartels, rather than on preventing drug trafficking, which is left to U.S. functionaries. Although Mexican drug cartels, or drug trafficking organizations, have existed for several decades, their influence has increased〔http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41576.pdf〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mexico's Drug War )〕 since the demise of the Colombian Cali and Medellín cartels in the 1990s. Mexican drug cartels now dominate the wholesale illicit drug market and in 2007 controlled 90% of the cocaine entering the United States.〔Vulliamy, Ed. ''Amexica: War Along the Borderline''. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010. Print.〕 Arrests of key cartel leaders, particularly in the Tijuana and Gulf cartels, has led to increasing drug violence as cartels fight for control of the trafficking routes into the United States. Analysts estimate that wholesale earnings from illicit drug sales range from $13.6 billion〔 to $49.4 billion annually.〔 By the end of Felipe Calderón's administration (2006–12), the official death toll of the Mexican Drug War was at least 60,000. Estimates set the death toll above 120,000 killed by 2013, not including 27,000 missing.〔(Counting Mexico's drug victims is a murky business ) National Catholic Reporter, by Claire Schaeffer-Duffy, Mar. 1, 2014〕 == Background == Given its geographic location, Mexico has long been used as a staging and transshipment point for narcotics and contraband between Latin America and U.S. markets. Mexican bootleggers supplied alcohol to the United States gangsters throughout the duration of the Prohibition in the United States,〔 and the onset of illegal drug trade with the U.S. began when the prohibition came to an end in 1933.〔 Towards the end of the 1960s, Mexican narcotic smugglers started to smuggle drugs on a major scale.〔 During the 1980s and early 1990s, Colombia's Pablo Escobar was the main exporter of cocaine and dealt with organized criminal networks all over the world. When enforcement efforts intensified in South Florida and the Caribbean, the Colombian organizations formed partnerships with the Mexico-based traffickers to transport cocaine through Mexico into the United States. This was easily accomplished because Mexico had long been a major source of heroin and cannabis, and drug traffickers from Mexico had already established an infrastructure that stood ready to serve the Colombia-based traffickers. By the mid-1980s, the organizations from Mexico were well-established and reliable transporters of Colombian cocaine. At first, the Mexican gangs were paid in cash for their transportation services, but in the late 1980s, the Mexican transport organizations and the Colombian drug traffickers settled on a payment-in-product arrangement. Transporters from Mexico usually were given 35% to 50% of each cocaine shipment. This arrangement meant that organizations from Mexico became involved in the distribution, as well as the transportation of cocaine, and became formidable traffickers in their own right. Currently, the Sinaloa Cartel and the Gulf Cartel have taken over trafficking cocaine from Colombia to the worldwide markets.〔 The balance of power between the various Mexican cartels continually shifts as new organizations emerge and older ones weaken and collapse. A disruption in the system, such as the arrests or deaths of cartel leaders, generates bloodshed as rivals move in to exploit the power vacuum. Leadership vacuums are sometimes created by law enforcement successes against a particular cartel, so cartels often will attempt to use law enforcement against one another, either by bribing Mexican officials to take action against a rival or by leaking intelligence about a rival's operations to the Mexican government or the US Drug Enforcement Administration.〔 While many factors have contributed to the escalating violence, security analysts in Mexico City trace the origins of the rising scourge to the unraveling of a longtime implicit arrangement between narcotics traffickers and governments controlled by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), which lost its grip on political power starting in the late 1980s. The fighting between rival drug cartels began in earnest after the 1989 arrest of Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, who ran the cocaine business in Mexico. There was a lull in the fighting during the late 1990s but the violence has steadily worsened since 2000. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mexican Drug War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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